Applications of Bone Marrow and Blood Stem Cell Transplantation, Evaluation of Stem Cell Donors, and Administration of Blood Products
Keywords:
Bone Marrow, Blood Stem Cell Transplantation, Stem Cell Donors, AdministrationAbstract
The umbrella word "stem cell transplantation" describes a variety of procedures. Hemopoietic stem cells are obtained for allogeneic transplants from a healthy, HLA-matched donor—a relative or a stranger—either from the patient's peripheral blood, bone marrow, or umbilical cord blood. Patients' own peripheral blood or bone marrow are used to harvest stem cells for autologous transplants. The current gold standard for stem cell transplantation is autologous transplantation, in which the patient serves as the donor. Thanks to advancements in cryopreservation, patients can now securely retain their bone marrow indefinitely during conditioning chemotherapy without worrying about the catastrophic loss of stem cells that occurs upon thawing. Patients experienced protracted neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, and the recovery of peripheral blood cell counts following transplantation of cryopreserved marrow that had been subjected to chemotherapy was sluggish. The process was less risky than allogeneic transplants, and neither graft-versus-host disease nor protracted immunosuppression occurred. Early research in the 1980s found that peripheral blood marrow stem cells circulated in low amounts in healthy individuals but in high numbers in patients regaining their neutropenia after chemotherapy. Granulocyte colonystimulating factor and other bone marrow growth factors improved stem cell outputs even further when administered to patients while they were recuperating. After receiving only the growth factor, few patients had an abnormally high amount of stem cells. This method typically allows for a safe autologous transplant by harvesting enough cells from the peripheral blood over the course of two or three days. Compared to patients who received autologous bone marrow that had been cryopreserved, those who underwent this sort of transplant had a quicker recovery of peripheral blood cell counts. Nowadays, adults undergoing stem cell transplants are most commonly drawn from peripheral blood.
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